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Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Causes and Solutions

Flay lay of fresh, colorful fruits and vegetables that are used in the nutritional treatment strategy for inflammatory bowl disease (IBD), Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis.

Explore the mechanisms underpinning gastrointestinal conditions at the upcoming GI Advanced Practice Module See full program details

Read Time: 5 Minutes

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes disorders characterized by chronic inflammation in all or part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the primary types of IBD. Recent reports indicate that prevalence of IBD has increased globally since 1990, with China and the United States having the highest prevalence as of 2019.1

IBD: Disease Burden & Impacted Populations

Per recent estimates, over two million US adults are diagnosed with either Crohn’s disease or UC.2 Of those diagnosed, approximately one in four reportedly experience financial hardship due to medical bills, and one in six have reported cost-related medication nonadherence.3 Recent studies also report that the population demographics of IBD in the US may be changing.4 A 2021 cohort study found that prevalence of IBD within Hispanic communities is potentially higher than previously recognized.5 In addition, analysis of 2001 to 2018 Medicare data indicated that while prevalence of IBD increased among all race and ethnicity groups, the highest percentage increase was among Black adults.6

The disease burden associated with IBD may also be measured by the striking number of increased comorbidity risks. Several meta-analyses and observational studies suggest that an IBD diagnosis may be associated with an increased risk of:

  • Adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including stroke7,8
  • Cancers in the lower GI tract9
  • Anxiety and depression10
  • Periodontitis11
  • Dementia development12
  • Autonomic nervous system dysfunction13

While the main causes of IBD are not fully understood, the interaction between the immune system, genetics, and environmental factors may underlie disease development.14,15 Understanding the potential etiologies, manifestations, and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease may help to personalize and focus effective treatment interventions.

In the following video, Dawn Beaulieu, MD, IFMCP, discusses the functional medicine approach to IBD:

(Video Time: 2 minutes) Dr. Dawn Beaulieu is board certified in internal medicine and gastroenterology, with an expertise in the field of inflammatory bowel disease. She has been caring for patients at Vanderbilt since 2009 and is part of the multi-disciplinary team at the Vanderbilt IBD center.

Crohn’s Disease & Ulcerative Colitis: A Deeper Dive

Both Crohn’s disease and UC lead to digestive disorders and chronic inflammation in the digestive system, resulting in some similar symptoms. Yet there are fundamental differences between the two diseases, including the following:

  • GI location: Crohn’s disease most often affects the intestinal walls (lower small intestine and large intestine) but can occur anywhere along the GI tract at any layer.14 UC only affects the mucosal layers of the colon, where the inflammation usually causes ulcers to develop.14
  • Symptoms: Both conditions share primary symptoms such as pain, diarrhea, fever, fatigue, and weight loss. Distinguishing symptoms may include malnutrition for Crohn’s disease due to potential damage of the small intestine and rectal bleeding for UC. While blood in the stool may still be seen with Crohn’s disease, it is less common.14 Also of note, abdominal pain experienced by patients with UC may be more intermittent and associated with bowel movements, while abdominal pain from Crohn’s disease may be associated with problems such as fistula and rectal lesions.14

Westernization, characterized by an urban lifestyle, increased exposure to pollution, change in diet, access to antibiotics, and better hygiene, may be associated with Crohn’s disease and UC development.16,17 Specific to Crohn’s disease, a 2020 systematic review was the first to investigate the disease’s relationship with environmental toxins.18 Investigators noted that while the included research studies demonstrated some inconsistent methodologies and conflicting results, metals and endocrine disruptors surfaced as potential candidates that may contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease.18 Recent reports on UC continue to also highlight the genetic influence on disease development, suggesting that those genes common in UC sufferers may implicate epithelial dysfunction and mitochondrial disease and may play a role in UC pathogenesis.16

Standard Care & Complimentary Treatments: A Focus on Recent Studies

Treatment recommendations for Crohn’s disease and UC from the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) clinical guidelines range from pharmaceutical to potential surgical approaches based upon specific diagnosis and level of disease activity.19,20 In addition to controlling primary disease symptoms, both guidelines emphasize the therapeutic goals of reducing inflammation and achieving mucosal healing. Specific to Crohn’s disease, the 2018 ACG guidelines also recommend the assessment and management of stress, depression, and anxiety as part of comprehensive care and note that dietary interventions may be appropriate adjunct therapies, especially with initial treatments.19

Research studies over the years have suggested therapeutic nutritional approaches for the improvement of IBD. Dietary modifications such as prioritizing fruits, vegetables, and fiber continue to surface in studies as promising approaches for IBD treatment.21,22 Some of the specific dietary components highlighted for their potential benefit in the treatment of IBD include phytonutrients and antioxidants.22,23 The most recent research continues to support the highlighted benefits of herbs and plant-based compounds as adjunctive therapies for IBD treatment.24-26 A 2021 meta-analysis of 38 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) also explored the clinical effects and microbiota changes associated with using probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics for IBD treatment and found that all induced or maintained IBD’s remission and specifically reduced UC disease activity.27

While the 2019 ACG clinical guidelines for UC states that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) requires more study and clarification before becoming a recommended UC therapy,20 FMT has been found in some studies to be a viable potential treatment approach for patients with IBD. As a recent example, a 2020 meta-analysis of 36 studies found that FMT used for management of IBD demonstrated a response rate of 54%, with complete remission of 37%.28 The researchers in this meta-analysis noted that patients diagnosed with Crohn’s disease appeared to benefit more from the procedure than other types of IBD.28

Conclusion

Research continues to uncover potential IBD etiologies and determine the most effective lifestyle-based treatment and prevention strategies. At IFM’s GI Advanced Practice Module (APM), hear from experts in the field about the latest research as well as how those therapeutic agents most often used and effective in IBD treatment help to restore optimal GI balance. In addition, learn more about how the DIGIN model and IFM’s 5R framework (remove, replace, repopulate, repair, rebalance) help to personalize IBD treatments.

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References

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  2. Lewis JD, Parlett LE, Jonsson Funk ML, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and racial and ethnic distribution of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2023;165(5):1197-1205.e2. doi:1053/j.gastro.2023.07.003
  3. Nguyen NH, Khera R, Dulai PS, et al. National estimates of financial hardship from medical bills and cost-related medication nonadherence in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in the United States. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2021;27(7):1068-1078. doi:1093/ibd/izaa266
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  5. Zhornitskiy A, Shen S, Le LB, et al. Rates of inflammatory bowel disease in Hispanics comparable to non-Hispanic Whites: results of a cohort study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2021;36(5):1043-1051. doi:1007/s00384-020-03819-0
  6. Xu F, Carlson SA, Liu Y, Greenlund KJ. Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries – United States, 2001-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(19):698-701. doi:15585/mmwr.mm7019a2
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  8. Chen Y, Wang X. Increased risk of stroke among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Brain Behav. 2021;11(6):E2159. doi:1002/brb3.2159
  9. Wan Q, Zhao R, Xia L, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of gastric, small bowel and colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of 26 observational studies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2021;147(4):1077-1087. doi:1007/s00432-020-03496-0
  10.  Barberio B, Zamani M, Black CJ, Savarino EV, Ford AC. Prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(5):359-370. doi:1016/S2468-1253(21)00014-5
  11.  Zhang Y, Qiao D, Chen R, Zhu F, Gong J, Yan F. The association between periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:6692420. doi:1155/2021/6692420
  12.  Rønnow Sand J, Troelsen FS, Horváth-Puhó E, Henderson VW, Sørensen HT, Erichsen R. Risk of dementia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a Danish population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022;56(5):831-843. doi:1111/apt.17119
  13.  Kim K-N, Yao Y, Ju S-Y. Heart rate variability and inflammatory bowel disease in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(48):E23430. doi:1097/MD.0000000000023430
  14.  Seyedian SS, Nokhostin F, Malamir MD. A review of the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment methods of inflammatory bowel disease. J Med Life. 2019;12(2):113-122. doi:25122/jml-2018-0075
  15.  Saez A, Herrero-Fernandez B, Gomez-Bris R, Sánchez-Martinez H, Gonzalez-Granado JM. Pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease: innate immune system. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(2):1526. doi:3390/ijms24021526
  16.  Porter RJ, Kalla R, Ho G-T. Ulcerative colitis: recent advances in the understanding of disease pathogenesis. F1000Res. 2020;9:F1000 Faculty Rev-294. doi:12688/f1000research.20805.1
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  18.  Tenailleau QM, Lanier C, Gower-Rousseau C, Cuny D, Deram A, Occelli F. Crohn’s disease and environmental contamination: current challenges and perspectives in exposure evaluation. Environ Pollut. 2020;263(Pt B):114599. doi:1016/j.envpol.2020.114599
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  20.  Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, Sauer BG, Long MD. ACG clinical guideline: ulcerative colitis in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(3):384-413. doi:14309/ajg.0000000000000152
  21.  Serrano Fernandez V, Seldas Palomino M, Laredo-Aguilera JA, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, Carmona-Torres JM. High-fiber diet and Crohn’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2023;15(14):3114. doi:3390/nu15143114
  22.  Barros VJDS, Severo JS, Mendes PHM, et al. Effect of dietary interventions on inflammatory biomarkers of inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review of clinical trials. Nutrition. 2021;91-92:111457. doi:1016/j.nut.2021.111457
  23.  Shahinfar H, Payandeh N, ElhamKia M, et al. Administration of dietary antioxidants for patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Complement Ther Med. 2021;63:102787. doi:1016/j.ctim.2021.102787
  24.  Iyengar P, Godoy-Brewer G, Maniyar I, et al. Herbal medicines for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2024;16(7):934. doi:3390/nu16070934
  25.  Tahvilian N, Masoodi M, Faghihi Kashani A, et al. Effects of saffron supplementation on oxidative/antioxidant status and severity of disease in ulcerative colitis patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Phytother Res. 2021;35(2):946-953. doi:1002/ptr.6848
  26.  Morshedzadeh N, Shahrokh S, Chaleshi V, Karimi S, Mirmiran P, Zali MR. The effects of flaxseed supplementation on gene expression and inflammation in ulcerative colitis patients: an open-labelled randomised controlled trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(5):e14035. doi:1111/ijcp.14035
  27.  Zhang X-F, Guan X-X, Tang Y-J, et al. Clinical effects and gut microbiota changes of using probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2020;60(5):2855-2875. doi:1007/s00394-021-02503-5
  28.  Caldeira LF, Borba HH, Tonin FS, Wiens A, Fernandez-Llimos F, Pontarolo R. Fecal microbiota transplantation in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(9):E238910. doi:1371/journal.pone.0238910

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